COMPYUTER 911

5 comments:

Anonymous said...

July 8, 2009 at 3:30 AM  

WHAT IS COMPUTER PROGRAMMING


Writing software, computer programs, is describing how to do something. In its simplest form, it is a lot like writing down the steps it takes to do something - a process. But, if what you need to do is not obvious or it involves multiple objects (each with their own process) writing the program will challenge you like when you are solving puzzles.
So, writing a computer program can be like composing music, like building a house, like creating lots of stuff. It has been argued that in its current state, it is an Art, not engineering.
An important reason to consider learning a bit about how to program a computer is that the concepts underlying it will be valuable to you, regardless of whether or not you go on to make a career out of it. One thing that you will learn quickly is that a computer is very dumb. It does exactly what you tell it to do, which is not necessarily what you wanted. Programming will help you learn the importance of clarity of expression.
A deep understanding of programming, in particular the
notions of successive decomposition as a mode of analysis
and debugging of trial solutions, results in significant
educational benefits in many domains of discourse,
including those unrelated to computers and information
technology per se.
(Seymour Papert, in "Mindstorms")

It has often been said that a person does not really
understand something until he teaches it to someone else.
Actually a person does not really understand something
until after teaching it to a computer, i.e., express it
as an algorithm."

(Donald Knuth, in "American Mathematical Monthly," 81)

Computers have proven immensely effective as aids to clear
thinking. Muddled and half-baked ideas have sometimes
survived for centuries because luminaries have deluded
themselves as much as their followers or because lesser
lights, fearing ridicule, couldn't summon up the nerve to
admit that they didn't know what the Master was talking
about. A test as near foolproof as one could get of whether
you understand something as well as you think is to express
it as a computer program and then see if the program does
what it is supposed to. Computers are not sycophants and
won't make enthusiastic noises to ensure their promotion
or camouflage what they don't know. What you get is what
you said.

BY:JOYCE NAYAL

Anonymous said...

July 8, 2009 at 3:32 AM  

In the restricted sense used in this article, to program means to create a sequential list of instructions for a machine that manipulates numbers to perform certain tasks. If "number" includes the idea of a continuously varying quantity, then setting up a machine that calculates with such quantities, called an analog computer, is also programming. However, we shall set this case aside and not consider it here. The creation of a formatted list, such as in preparing an HTML script, or selecting certain parameters, as in what is often called "programming" a VCR, is not programming, though it may also call for skill and knowledge. The programmer must choose between a large number of interacting possibilities at each step and use them properly to reach his goal, not simply choose between similar alternatives or follow a set of predetermined rules.

The power of the machine to execute a useful program that may be of a wide-ranging nature, and not restricted to a single task, or a limited variey of tasks, calls for the kind of functionality provided by a machine that deals with discrete numbers, or a digital computer. These numbers may represent or describe a wide variety of physical objects, but in most cases are simply a set of on-off states, or bits. The size of the set handled at one time is called the machine's word length. A word may be interpreted as a binary number, a real number with mantissa and exponent, a Boolean value, or any other such quantity. The interpretation is not an essential part of the machine, but is fixed by the programmer's intentions. The general process of relating the internal representation in bits to the external meaning is called formatting.

A program is a sequential list of instructions. This does not mean that the instructions are executed in a fixed serial order, though they may be, but that whatever instructions are currently being executed are executed one after another until the place of execution is changed by a "jump." This is reflected in the physical makeup of the machine by loading the instructions into sequential locations in storage, and incrementing the pointer to fetch the next instruction. Control of the progress of execution is an important part of programming.

The programmer has constantly in mind the behavior of the machine, and imagines it as he writes instructions, the effects of each instruction fully appreciated. The failure to create this state of mind is the chief reason for the inability of many people to program effectively. Programming deals with the concrete, so it does not require great powers of abstraction, but perhaps intelligence is required to model the machine in the mind, and so is beneficial to programming. Perhaps chess-playing requires similar qualities, but programming is not a competitive exercise, and this should make it even easier. My belief is that programming does not require unusual intelligence, since it is concrete and simple, but rather an ability to see the consequences of actions clearly, and to select from alternatives.

Programming seems to attract the dimmer lights as well, as many commercial applications attest. Because dim lights are cheaper to hire than bright ones, much effort has been expended in making their road less strewn with wreckage, with things like object-oriented programming, top-down design, and programming metrics. However, the results are not particularly pretty or useful, and there is still no reliable way to make programmers from idiots. Most programming today hardly merits being called programming, since it consists mainly of rearranging a set of blocks and filling in blanks to perform well-specified tasks. Someone else, however, must still do the actual programming.

The power of programming lies in the complementary natures of the programmer and the machine. The programmer has judgment, foresight and good sense, but is assailed by blunders and mistakes. The machine makes no mistakes, and executes each instruction with unerring correctness, but has neither judgment, foresight nor good

Anonymous said...

July 8, 2009 at 3:46 AM  

Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of writing, testing, debugging/troubleshooting, and maintaining the sour There is an ongoing debate on the extent to which the writing of programs is an art, a craft or an engineering discipline.[1] Good programming is generally considered to be the measured application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution (the criteria for "efficient" and "evolvable" vary considerably). The discipline differs from many other technical professions in that programmers generally do not need to be licensed or pass any standardized (or governmentally regulated) certification tests in order to call themselves "programmers" or even "software engineers." However, representing oneself as a "Professional Software Engineer" without a license from an accredited institution is illegal in many parts of the world.[citation needed]
Another ongoing debate is the extent to which the programming language used in writing computer programs affects the form that the final program takes. This debate is analogous to that surrounding the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis [2] in linguistics, that postulates that a particular language's nature influences the habitual thought of its speakers. Different language patterns yield different patterns of thought. This idea challenges the possibility of representing the world perfectly with language, because it acknowledges that the mechanisms of any language condition the thoughts of its speaker community.
Said another way, programming is the craft of transforming requirements into something that a computer can execute
e code of computer programs. This source code is written in a programming language. The code may be a modification of an existing source or something completely new. The purpose of programming is to create a program that exhibits a certain desired behavior (customization). The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic.
There is an ongoing debate on the extent to which the writing of programs is an art, a craft or an engineering discipline.[1] Good programming is generally considered to be the measured application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution (the criteria for "efficient" and "evolvable" vary considerably). The discipline differs from many other technical professions in that programmers generally do not need to be licensed or pass any standardized (or governmentally regulated) certification tests in order to call themselves "programmers" or even "software engineers." However, representing oneself as a "Professional Software Engineer" without a license from an accredited institution is illegal in many parts of the world.[citation needed]
Another ongoing debate is the extent to which the programming language used in writing computer programs affects the form that the final program takes. This debate is analogous to that surrounding the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis [2] in linguistics, that postulates that a particular language's nature influences the habitual thought of its speakers. Different language patterns yield different patterns of thought. This idea challenges the possibility of representing the world perfectly with language, because it acknowledges that the mechanisms of any language condition the thoughts of its speaker community.
Said another way, programming is the craft of transforming requirements into something that a computer can execute
Computer programming affects the industry now, in the way of using computer now. Almost 99% of the population in worldwide use the computer now. And also most of all The Business are using now the computer in there offices.




By Hana Mae Gardoce

Anonymous said...

July 8, 2009 at 5:04 AM  

Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process of writing, testing, debugging/troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This source code is written in a programming language. The code may be a modification of an existing source or something completely new. The purpose of programming is to create a program that exhibits a certain desired behaviour (customization). The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic.

Programming language
Different programming languages support different styles of programming (called programming paradigms). The choice of language used is subject to many considerations, such as company policy, suitability to task, availability of third-party packages, or individual preference. Ideally, the programming language best suited for the task at hand will be selected. Trade-offs from this ideal involve finding enough programmers who know the language to build a team, the availability of compilers for that language, and the efficiency with which programs written in a given language execute.
Allen Downey, in his book How To Think Like A Computer Scientist, writes:
The details look different in different languages, but a few basic instructions appear in just about every language:
• input: Get data from the keyboard, a file, or some other device.
• output: Display data on the screen or send data to a file or other device.
• arithmetic: Perform basic arithmetical operations like addition and multiplication.
• conditional execution: Check for certain conditions and execute the appropriate sequence of statements.
• repetition: Perform some action repeatedly, usually with some variation.
Many computer languages provide a mechanism to call functions provided by libraries. Provided the functions in a library follow the appropriate runtime conventions (eg, method of passing arguments), then these functions may be written in any other language.
Computer affect the industry in the sense
Computers affects the industry in the sense that computers have made giant leaps in the area of processing power. This has brought about newer programming languages that are more abstracted from the underlying hardware. Although these high-level languages usually incur greater overhead, the increase in speed of modern computers has made the use of these languages much more practical than in the past. These increasingly abstracted languages typically are easier to learn and allow the programmer to develop applications much more efficiently and with less code. However, high-level languages are still impractical for many programs, such as those where low-level hardware control is necessary or where processing speed is at a premium.
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, programming was an attractive career in most developed countries. Some forms of programming have been increasingly subject to offshore outsourcing (importing software and services from other countries, usually at a lower wage), making programming career decisions in developed countries more complicated, while increasing economic opportunities in less developed areas. It is unclear how far this trend will continue and how deeply it will impact programmer wages and opportunities as well.

By:
Jose jay A. Demellites
Student

Anonymous said...

July 8, 2009 at 6:20 AM  

programming is a kind of